fs-verity: define a function to return the integrity protected file digest

Define a function named fsverity_get_digest() to return the verity file
digest and the associated hash algorithm (enum hash_algo).

This assumes that before calling fsverity_get_digest() the file must have
been opened, which is even true for the IMA measure/appraise on file
open policy rule use case (func=FILE_CHECK).  do_open() calls vfs_open()
immediately prior to ima_file_check().

Acked-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.ibm.com>